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1.
Braz. j. biol ; 83: 1-8, 2023. tab
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1468950

ABSTRACT

Utilization of modern breeding techniques for developing high yielding and uniform plant types ultimately narrowing the genetic makeup of most crops. Narrowed genetic makeup of these crops has made them vulnerable towards disease and insect epidemics. For sustainable crop production, genetic variability of these crops must be broadened against various biotic and abiotic stresses. One of the ways to widen genetic configuration of these crops is to identify novel additional sources of durable resistance. In this regard crops wild relatives are providing valuable sources of allelic diversity towards various biotic, abiotic stress tolerance and quality components. For incorporating novel variability from wild relative’s wide hybridization technique has become a promising breeding method. For this purpose, wheat-Th. bessarabicum amphiploid, addition and translocation lines have been screened in field and screen house conditions to get novel sources of yellow rust and Karnal bunt resistant. Stripe rust screening under field conditions has revealed addition lines 4JJ and 6JJ as resistant to moderately resistant while addition lines 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ and translocation lines Tr-3, Tr-6 as moderately resistant wheat-Thinopyrum-bessarabicum genetic stock. Karnal bunt screening depicted addition lines 5JJ and 4JJ as highly resistant genetic stock. These genetic stocks may be used to introgression novel stripe rust and Karnal bunt resistance from the tertiary gene pool into susceptible wheat backgrounds.


A utilização de técnicas modernas de melhoramento para o desenvolvimento de tipos de plantas uniformes e de alto rendimento, em última análise, estreitando a composição genética da maioria das culturas. A composição genética restrita dessas plantações tornou-as vulneráveis a doenças e epidemias de insetos. Para uma produção agrícola sustentável, a variabilidade genética dessas culturas deve ser ampliada contra vários estresses bióticos e abióticos. Uma das maneiras de ampliar a configuração genética dessas culturas é identificar novas fontes adicionais de resistência durável. A esse respeito, os parentes selvagens das culturas estão fornecendo fontes valiosas de diversidade alélica para vários componentes de qualidade e tolerância ao estresse abiótico e biótico. Para incorporar a nova variabilidade da ampla técnica de hibridização de parente selvagem tornou-se um método de reprodução promissor. Para esse efeito, trigo-Th. As linhas anfiploides, de adição e translocação de bessarabicum foram selecionadas em condições de campo e de casa de tela para obter novas fontes de ferrugem amarela e resistência ao bunt de Karnal. A triagem de ferrugem em faixas em condições de campo revelou as linhas de adição 4JJ e 6JJ como resistentes a moderadamente resistentes, enquanto as linhas de adição 3JJ, 5JJ, 7JJ e as linhas de translocação Tr-3, Tr-6 como estoque genético de trigo-Thinopyrum bessarabicum moderadamente resistente. A triagem Karnal bunt descreveu as linhas de adição 5JJ e 4JJ como estoque genético altamente resistente. Esses estoques genéticos podem ser usados para introgressão da nova ferrugem e resistência ao bunt de Karnal do pool genético terciário em origens de trigo suscetíveis.


Subject(s)
Pest Control/economics , Fungi/genetics , Fungi/isolation & purification , Plant Breeding/methods , Triticum/genetics
2.
Acta sci., Biol. sci ; 43: e49786, 2021. graf, ilus
Article in English | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1460972

ABSTRACT

Endophytic fungi colonize the interior of plants without causing damage and act in symbiosis with their host. They are also potential sources of compounds with potential applications in industry, agriculture, and medicine, Thus, this study aimed to isolate and identify the endophytic fungi medicinal plant Talinum triangulare and evaluate its potential for the production of antimicrobial substances using the disk diffusion technique and testing in liquid medium front of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC SA 6538, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC PA 0030, and Corynebacterium diphtheria ATCC 27012. Corynebacterium diphtheria was isolated from 3 fungi of the genus Trichoderma and Penicillium, with only the genus Trichoderma fungi showing antimicrobial activity.


Subject(s)
Anti-Infective Agents/isolation & purification , Caryophyllales/microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Mycobiome , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification
3.
São Paulo; s.n; s.n; 2021. 82 p. tab, ilus, graf.
Thesis in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1379014

ABSTRACT

The widespread use of antimicrobial chemotherapy in medicine and livestock production imposed an evolutive selection of drug-resistant strains worldwide. As a result, the effectiveness of our current antimicrobial armamentarium is constantly being reduced to alarming levels. Therefore, novel antimicrobial therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (APDT) comes to this scenario as a powerful tool to counteract the emergence of microbial drug-resistance. Its mechanisms of action are based on simultaneous oxidative damage of multiple targets and, therefore, it is much less likely to allow any type of microbial resistance. Therefore, the objectives of this study were focused into establishing 1) a mathematical tool to allow precise analysis of microbial photoinactivation; 2) a broad analysis of APDT effectiveness against global priority drug-resistant pathogens; 3) inhibition of ßlactamase enzymes; and 4) how the biochemical mechanisms of APDT avoid emergence of resistance. The main results obtained through the investigation led by this thesis were divided into 4 scientific articles regarding each of the above-mentioned objectives. In summary, we discovered that 1) a power-law function can precisely fit all microbial inactivation kinetics data and provide insightful information of tolerance factors and lethal doses; 2) there is no correlation between drug-resistance and APDT sensitivity, i.e., extensively drug resistant microorganisms are killed in the same kinetics as drug-sensitive controls; 3) ß-lactamases are very sensitive to photodynamic inhibition; 4) biochemical mechanisms of APDT promote oxidative damages to external cell membranes, DNA and proteins whereas the main cause of microbial death seems to be directly associated with protein degradation. Thus, we conclude that APDT is effective against a broad-spectrum of pathogens and has minimum chances of promoting resistance mechanisms


O amplo uso da quimioterapia antimicrobiana impôs uma seleção evolutiva de cepas resistentes a medicamentos. Como resultado, a eficácia dos fármacos antimicrobianos tem sido reduzida a níveis alarmantes. Portanto, novas estratégias terapêuticas antimicrobianas são urgentemente necessárias. A terapia fotodinâmica antimicrobiana (TFDA) entra neste cenário como uma ferramenta poderosa para combater a resistência microbiana. Seus mecanismos de ação são baseados no dano oxidativo sobre múltiplos alvos e, portanto, é muito menos provável que permita o surgimento de qualquer tipo de resistência. Os objetivos deste estudo foram focados ao estabelecimento de 1) modelo matemático para análise precisa da fotoinativação microbiana; 2) ampla análise da eficácia da TFDA contra patógenos resistentes a fármacos antimicrobianos de prioridade global; 3) inibição de ß-lactamases por TFDA; e 4) como os mecanismos bioquímicos da TFDA evitam o surgimento de resistência. Os principais resultados obtidos através da investigação conduzida por esta tese foram divididos em 4 artigos científicos. Em resumo, descobrimos que 1) uma função de lei de potência pode ajustar com precisão todos os dados de cinética de inativação microbiana e fornecer informações detalhadas sobre fatores de tolerância e doses letais; 2) não há correlação entre resistência à quimioterapia antimicrobiana e sensibilidade à TFDA, isto é, cepas extensivamente resistentes aos antimicrobianos são inativadas sob a mesma cinética que controles sensíveis aos antimicrobianos; 3) ß-lactamases são altamente sensíveis à inibição fotodinâmica; 4) os mecanismos bioquímicos da TFDA promovem danos oxidativos às membranas celulares e DNA, porém, a principal causa de morte microbiana é diretamente associada à degradação das proteínas. Assim, concluímos que a TFDA é eficaz contra um amplo espectro de patógenos e tem chances mínimas de promover mecanismos de resistência


Subject(s)
Photochemotherapy/instrumentation , Drug Therapy/instrumentation , Methylene Blue/adverse effects , Anti-Infective Agents/analysis , Bacteria/classification , Pharmaceutical Preparations/administration & dosage , Kinetics , Efficacy , Health Strategies , Oxidative Stress , Drug Resistance, Bacterial , Fungi/isolation & purification
4.
Electron. j. biotechnol ; 44: 41-46, Mar. 2020. tab, ilus
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1087698

ABSTRACT

Background: The main objective of this study was to isolate fungi associated with Anthopleura xanthogrammica and measure their antimicrobial and enzymatic activities. A total of 93 fungal strains associated with A. xanthogrammica were isolated in this study, of which 32 isolates were identified using both morphological characteristics and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence analysis. The antibacterial activities of 32 fungal isolates were tested against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Edwardsiella tarda, Vibrio harveyi, Fusarium oxysporum, and Pyricularia oryzae by agar diffusion assay. Extracellular hydrolytic enzyme activities of the fungal isolates were determined by agar diffusion assays. Enzyme activities were detected from clear halo size. Results: The isolated fungi belonged to 18 genera within 7 taxonomic orders of 1 phylum. The genera Aspergillaceae were the most diverse and common. The antimicrobial activities of 32 isolates were evaluated, and 19 (59.4%) of fungi isolate displayed unique antimicrobial activities. All fungal strains displayed at least one enzyme activity. The most common enzyme activities in the fungi isolates were amylase and protease, while the least common were pectinase and xylanase. Conclusions: This is first report on the sea anemone-derived fungi with antimicrobial and enzyme activities. Results indicated that sea anemone is a hot spot of fungal diversity and a rich resource of bioactive natural products.


Subject(s)
Aspergillus/isolation & purification , Sea Anemones/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism , Phylogeny , Polygalacturonase/metabolism , Aspergillus/enzymology , Aspergillus/genetics , Bacteria/drug effects , DNA, Ribosomal Spacer , Biodiversity , Fungi/isolation & purification , Fungi/genetics , Amylases/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
6.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 79(1): 46-52, Jan.-Feb. 2020. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1092661

ABSTRACT

Abstract Purpose: To compare clinical-epidemiological profile and treatment outcome between culture negative and culture positive keratitis patients. Methods: Patients with suspected infectious keratitis seen at two ophthalmic hospitals in Curitiba, Brazil, between June 2014 and April 2016, were prospectively studied. Ophthalmological exam with corneal scraping and microbiological tests were performed. Data regarding follow up, surgical interventions and treatment outcome were collected after 12 weeks of the first visit trough medical chart review. From the results of the culture, two groups were formed: culture negative keratitis (CNK) and culture positive keratitis (CPK). Results: According to inclusion criteria 21 patients were classified as culture negative keratitis and 20 patients as culture positive keratitis. The number of patients on antibiotic drops at the first visit was greater in CNK group (90.5% versus 60%; p=0.032). Surgical procedures were necessary in 3 patients (15%) in CNK group and in 7 patients (36,8%) in CPK group (p=0.155). Treatment success was achieved by 85% (17/20) of the patients in CNK group and by 61% (11/18) of the patients in CPK group (p=0.144). There was no significant difference between groups regarding age, gender, place of residence, presence of comorbidities, risk factors for infectious keratitis, duration of symptoms and characteristics of corneal ulcer. Conclusions: Previous treatment with antibiotics correlates with negative culture results. There was no significant difference in treatment outcome between culture negative and culture positive keratitis patients.


Resumo Objetivo: Comparar os perfis clinico-epidemiológicos e os desfechos entre pacientes com ceratite com cultura positiva e pacientes com ceratite com cultura negativa. Métodos: Pacientes com ceratite infecciosa, atendidos em dois hospitais oftalmológicos em Curitiba, Brasil, entre junho de 2014 e abril de 2016, foram estudados prospectivamente. Exame oftalmológico, raspado de córnea e exames microbiológicos foram realizados no primeiro atendimento. Os dados quanto a seguimento e desfecho foram coletados após 12 semanas do primeiro atendimento através de revisão de prontuário. A partir dos resultados das culturas, dois grupos foram formados: ceratite com cultura negativa e ceratite com cultura positiva. Resultados: Vinte e um pacientes foram classificados como ceratite com cultura negativa e 20 como ceratite com cultura positiva. O número de pacientes em uso de colírio antibiótico no primeiro atendimento foi maior no grupo de cultura negativa (90,5% versus 60%; p=0,032). Sete pacientes (37%) no grupo cultura positiva precisaram de procedimentos cirúrgicos no manejo da ceratite, versus 3 pacientes (15%) do grupo cultura negativa (p=0,155). Oitenta e cinco por cento (17/20) dos pacientes do grupo cultura negativa alcançaram sucesso no tratamento, contra 61% (11/18) dos pacientes no grupo cultura positiva (p=0,144). Não houve diferença entre os grupos quanto a idade, gênero, local de procedência, presença de comorbidades, fatores de risco, duração dos sintomas e características da úlcera de córnea. Conclusão: Tratamento prévio com colírio de antibiótico correlaciona-se com resultados negativos de cultura. Não houve diferença no desfecho após tratamento entre os pacientes com cultura negativa e cultura positiva.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Keratitis/diagnosis , Keratitis/microbiology , Keratitis/parasitology , Keratitis/drug therapy , Keratitis/epidemiology , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Acanthamoeba/isolation & purification , Acanthamoeba Keratitis/diagnosis , Acanthamoeba Keratitis/parasitology , Acanthamoeba Keratitis/drug therapy , Acanthamoeba Keratitis/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Bacterial/diagnosis , Eye Infections, Bacterial/microbiology , Eye Infections, Bacterial/drug therapy , Eye Infections, Bacterial/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Fungal/diagnosis , Eye Infections, Fungal/microbiology , Eye Infections, Fungal/drug therapy , Eye Infections, Fungal/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Microbiological Techniques/methods , Treatment Outcome , Fungi/isolation & purification , Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use , Antifungal Agents/therapeutic use , Antiprotozoal Agents/therapeutic use
7.
Rev. chil. dermatol ; 36(1): 16-21, 2020. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1381245

ABSTRACT

INTRODUCCION: La onicomicosis corresponde a una patología prevalente causada por hongos dermatofitos, levaduras y en menor proporción, hongos filamentosos no dermatofitos (HFND). Se ha reportado un aumento a nivel mundial en la incidencia de onicomicosis por HFND1 , sin embargo, en Chile no hay registros de ello. OBJETIVO: Comparar la epidemiología local de onicomicosis por HFND en una red privada de Santiago de Chile entre dos períodos de tiempo. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal de análisis de los registros de laboratorio de la Red de Salud UC-Christus entre los períodos 2008- 2009 y 2016-2017. RESULTADOS: Se obtuvieron un total de 9.579 muestras en ambos períodos, 4.985 entre 2008-2009 y 4.594 entre 2016-2017, con 3.442 (36%) cultivos positivos para hongos, 1.831 (36,7%) en el primer período y 1.611 (35%) en el segundo. Del total 40 muestras (1,2%) fueron de HFND, destacando que la prevalencia aumentó significativamente entre ambos períodos: 8 (0,4%) y 32 (2,0%) cultivos, respectivamente (p<0,0001). Del total, las especies de HFND más prevalentes fueron: 23 Fusarium sp (57,5%), 8 Scopulariopsis sp (20%) y 7 Acremonium sp (17,5%). En pacientes con cultivo positivo para HFND, se buscaron asociaciones probables en los antecedentes a través de la ficha clínica, sin encontrar resultados significativos. CONCLUCION: Los HFND son la tercera causa de onicomicosis y su prevalencia fue 1,2%. Las especies más frecuentes fueron Fusarium sp, Scopulariopsis sp, Acremonium sp. La prevalencia de HFND aumentó significativamente en un período de 6 años.


INTRODUCTION: Onychomycosis is a frequent nail disease caused mainly by dermatophytes, in less proportion yeast and last non-dermatophyte molds (NDM). NDM onychomycosis is an increasing problem worldwide, though in Chile there is no epidemiological registry about it. OBJETIVE: The aim of the study was to determine the local epidemiology of NDM onychomycosis. MATERIAL Y METHODS: We did a transversal cohort study in the Red de Salud UC-Christus between 2008-2009 and 2016-2017. RESULTS: Of the 9,579 clinically suspected cases of onychomycosis, 4,985 in 2008-2009 and 4,594 in 2016-2017, 3,448 (36%) cultures were positive in total, 1,831 (36.7%) in the first period and 1,611 (35%) in the second. Only 40 cultures (1.2%) were NDM in total, but the prevalence significantly increased between both periods with 8 (0.45%) and 32 (2.0%) cultures, respectively (p y (p<0.0001). Among the total of NDM, the most prevalent species were: 23 Fusarium sp (57.5%), 8 Scopulariopsis sp (20%) and 7 Acremonium sp (17.5%). We searched for possible associations of patients with NDM onychomycosis and morbid history, but found no significant result. COMCLUSION: NDM are the third cause of onychomycosis and its prevalence of 1.2% was predominantly from toe nails. The most frequent species were Fusarium sp, Scopulariopsis sp. and Acremonium sp. The prevalence of NDM increased significantly in a period of 6 years.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Young Adult , Onychomycosis/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Prevalence , Cross-Sectional Studies , Onychomycosis/microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Fusarium , Health Facilities, Proprietary
8.
Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz ; 115: e200430, 2020. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS, SES-SP | ID: biblio-1135256

ABSTRACT

Despite the medical advances and interventions to improve the quality of life of those in intensive care, people with cancer or severely immunocompromised or other susceptible hosts, invasive fungal diseases (IFD) remain severe and underappreciated causes of illness and death worldwide. Therefore, IFD continue to be a public health threat and a major hindrance to the success of otherwise life-saving treatments and procedures. Globally, hundreds of thousands of people are affected every year with Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Pneumocystis jirovecii, endemic dimorphic fungi and Mucormycetes, the most common fungal species causing invasive diseases in humans. These infections result in morbidity and mortality rates that are unacceptable and represent a considerable socioeconomic burden. Raising the general awareness of the significance and impact of IFD in human health, in both the hospital and the community, is hence critical to understand the scale of the problem and to raise interest to help fighting these devastating diseases.


Subject(s)
Humans , Invasive Fungal Infections/diagnosis , Fungi/isolation & purification , Fungi/classification , Quality of Life , Immunocompromised Host , Cost of Illness , Invasive Fungal Infections/complications , Invasive Fungal Infections/mortality , Intensive Care Units
9.
Rev. bras. oftalmol ; 78(6): 370-374, nov.-dez. 2019. graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1057909

ABSTRACT

Resumo Objetivo: A queratite infeciosa é uma doença de incidência relativamente elevada e é responsável por um número importante de internamentos. Neste estudo pretende-se estudar diversas características epidemiológicas e clínicas associadas às queratites infeciosas de alto risco num hospital terciário em Portugal. Métodos: Realizou-se um estudo retrospetivo, onde foram incluídos todos os doentes internados por abcesso da córnea no Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), entre Abril de 2013 a Março de 2018. Caracterizou-se a população em relação aos fatores de risco, apresentação clínica, tempo de internamento, resultados de culturas, resistência antibiótica in vitro, tratamento efetuado e resultado funcional. Resultados: O estudo incluiu 105 doentes. Os principais fatores de risco foram antecedentes de cirurgia de córnea, uso de lentes de contacto e história recente de trauma ocular. 74,3% dos doentes tiveram cultura positiva com 87,9% a corresponderem a cultura bacteriana pura, sendo a Pseudomonas aeruginosa e o Streptococcus pneumoniae os agentes etiológicos mais frequentes. 27,9% das culturas positivas eram resistentes a 3 ou mais classes de antibióticos. Todos os doentes iniciaram tratamento com colírios fortificados. 29,5% dos doentes necessitaram de realizar transplante de córnea. Ao final de 6 meses de seguimento, apenas 20,9% apresentavam AV>20/40. Conclusão: Na maioria dos casos, a etiologia foi bacteriana. Observou-se um número considerável de bactérias multirresistentes. Apesar do tratamento ter permitido uma melhoria da visão na maioria dos casos, um número considerável de doentes ficou com sequelas visuais importantes.


Abstract Objective: Infectious keratitis is a pathology with a high incidence and is responsible for a large number of prolonged stay hospital admissions. The purpose was to analyze the epidemiological and clinical data associated with high risk microbial keratitis at a central hospital in Portugal. Methods: A retrospective study of all inpatients presenting with corneal abscess in Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, from April 2013 to March 2018 was performed. Target population was characterized by risk factors, clinical features, length of stay, culture results, in vitro antibiotic resistance, treatment and outcome. Results: This study included 105 patients. The main risk factors were previous corneal surgery, contact lenses wear and recent history of ocular trauma. 74.3% of patients had a positive culture, 87.9% of these corresponding to a pure bacterial culture, with Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Streptococcus pneumoniae being the most common pathogens. 27.9% of positive cultures were resistant to 3 or more classes of antibiotics. All patients began treatment with fortified drops. 29.5% of patients required a corneal transplant. After 6 months of follow-up, only 20.9% presented a VA>20/40. Conclusion: Most cases were caused by bacteria. A considerable number of multi-resistant bacteria was identified. Despite most cases having improved after treatment, a large number of patients had a significant visual acuity sequelae.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Eye Infections, Bacterial/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Fungal/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Parasitic/epidemiology , Eye Infections, Viral/epidemiology , Keratitis/epidemiology , Ophthalmic Solutions , Portugal , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Viruses/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Acanthamoeba/isolation & purification , Eye Infections, Bacterial/microbiology , Eye Infections, Bacterial/therapy , Eye Infections, Fungal/microbiology , Eye Infections, Fungal/therapy , Eye Infections, Parasitic/microbiology , Eye Infections, Parasitic/therapy , Eye Infections, Viral/microbiology , Eye Infections, Viral/drug therapy , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Corneal Transplantation , Fungi/isolation & purification , Hospitals, University/statistics & numerical data , Inpatients , Keratitis/microbiology , Keratitis/therapy
10.
Rev. peru. med. exp. salud publica ; 36(4): 676-680, oct.-dic. 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1058777

ABSTRACT

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de identificar la presencia de microorganismos en los teléfonos móviles del personal de la unidad de cuidados intensivos (UCI) de un hospital en España se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo entre los profesionales sanitarios y no sanitarios que tuvieran teléfonos móviles durante su jornada laboral. La recogida de muestras se llevó a cabo mediante hisopo y siembra en placa de cultivo con análisis e identificación de los microorganismos. Se analizaron 111 teléfonos móviles, de los cuales 56 estaban contaminados siendo 41,5% y 41,1% para los que pertenecían a las enfermeras y los médicos respectivamente y 60,6% para la encontrada en los auxiliares de enfermería, destaca el crecimiento de Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12,5%), Staphylococus aureus meticilin-resistente (10,9%), y Stenotrophomonas maltophila (4,7%). En conclusión, los teléfonos móviles presentaron presencia de microorganismos de relevancia clínica. La presencia de estas bacterias y hongos deben alertarnos sobre la posibilidad de que sirvan de reservorio para la transmisión al paciente crítico.


ABSTRACT In order to identify the presence of microorganisms in mobile phones of the staff from the intensive care unit (ICU) at a hospital in Spain, a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among healthcare and non-healthcare professionals who had mobile phones during their working day. Samples were collected by swabbing and sowing on a culture plate with analysis and identification of microorganisms. One hundred eleven (111) mobile phones were analyzed, of which 56 were contaminated: 41.5% and 41.1% of those belonging to nurses and physicians, respectively, and 60.6% found in nursing assistants. The growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.5%), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (10.9%), and Stenotrophomonas maltophila (4.7%) stand out. In conclusion, mobile phones presented the presence of clinically relevant microorganisms.


Subject(s)
Humans , Personnel, Hospital , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Cell Phone , Fungi/isolation & purification , Spain , Equipment Contamination , Cross-Sectional Studies , Intensive Care Units
11.
São Paulo med. j ; 137(6): 512-516, Nov.-Dec. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1094521

ABSTRACT

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Fungi are ubiquitous in the environment. They are able to grow in water and many of them may be opportunistic pathogens. OBJECTIVE: The aims were to identify fungi in registered wells (RWs) and nonregistered wells (NRWs) that tap into groundwater; and to correlate the results from physicochemical assays on this water (free residual chlorine and pH) with the presence of fungi. DATA AND SETTING: Analytical cross-sectional quantitative study on groundwater wells in São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. METHODS: 52 samples of 500 ml of water were collected from RWs and 107 from NRWs. These were sent to a microbiology laboratory to identify any fungi that were present. In addition, free residual chlorine and pH were measured immediately after sample collection. Several statistical analysis tests were used. RESULTS: Fungal contamination was present in 78.8% of the samples from RWs and 81.3% from NRWs. Filamentous fungi were more prevalent than yeast in both types of wells. There was no significant difference in presence of fungi according to whether chloride and pH were within recommended levels in RWs; or according to whether pH was within recommended levels in NRWs. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in the levels of fungal contamination between RWs and NRWs. CONCLUSION: Both RWs and NRWs are potential reservoirs for many types of fungi. Many of these may become opportunistic pathogens if they infect immunosuppressed individuals. Furthermore, this study confirms that fungi are able to grow even when chlorine and pH parameters are within the standards recommended.


Subject(s)
Humans , Water Microbiology , Drinking Water/microbiology , Water Wells , Fungi/isolation & purification , Penicillium/isolation & purification , Aspergillus fumigatus/isolation & purification , Drinking Water/chemistry , Groundwater/microbiology , Brazil , Candida/isolation & purification , Chlorine/analysis , Cross-Sectional Studies
12.
Braz. j. biol ; 79(3): 414-422, July-Sept. 2019. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1001449

ABSTRACT

Abstract Birds of prey and from Psittacidae family are host to fungal microbiota and play an important role in the epidemiology of zoonoses. Few studies in the literature have characterized mycelial and yeast fungi in the droppings of these birds and correlated the isolates with the zoonotic potential of the microorganisms. Droppings from 149 birds were evaluated and divided into two groups: captive: Rhea americana araneipes, Primolius maracana, Ara ararauna, Ara chloropterus, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Amazona aestiva, Ara macao macao, Ramphastos toco, Sarcoramphus papa, Busarellus nigricollis, Bubo virginianus nacurutu, Buteogallus coronatus, Buteogallus urubitinga urubitinga, Spizaetus melanoleucus, Spizaetus ornatus ornatus, Buteo albonotatus, Geranoaetus albicaudatus albicaudatus, Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris and Harpia harpyja, and quarantined birds: Amazona aestiva and Eupsitulla aurea. The fungal isolates were identified according to macroscopic (gross colony appearance), micromorphological and biochemical characteristics. Among birds displayed in enclosures, Aspergillus niger (41.1%) and Candida kefyr (63.8%) were the fungi most frequently isolated in Harpia harpyja and Ramphastos toco, respectively. For quarantined birds, the following percentages were observed in Eupsittula aurea , (76.6%) C. krusei, (84.4%) C. kefyr and (15.2%) C. famata, while in Amazona aestiva, (76.2%) C. krusei was observed. These findings indicate potentially pathogenic species in the bird droppings assessed, which constitute a risk of exposure for keepers and individuals who visit the zoo. Birds of the Cerrado and Pantanal of Mato Grosso (Central Western region of Brazil) could act in the epidemiological chain of important zoonoses.


Resumo Aves de rapina e psitacídeos são hospedeiras de uma rica microbiota fúngica e desempenham um papel importante na epidemiologia de zoonoses. Poucos estudos na literatura têm caracterizado fungos micelianos e leveduras nos excrementos de pássaros e correlacionados estes isolados com o potencial zoonótico dos microrganismos isolados. Excrementos de 149 aves foram divididas e avaliados em dois grupos: Em cativeiro: Rhea americana araneipes, Primolius maracana, Ara ararauna, Ara chloropterus, Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus, Amazona aestiva, Ara macao macao, Ramphastos toco, Sarcoramphus papa, Busarellus nigricollis , Bubo virginianus nacurutu, Buteogallus coronatus, Buteogallus urubutinga urubitinga, Spizaetus melanoleucus, Spizaetus ornatus ornatus, Buteo albonotatus, Geranoaetus albicaudatus albicaudatus, Rupornis magnirostris magnirostris e Harpia harpyja e aves em quarentena: Amazona aestiva e Eupsittula aurea). Os isolados de leveduras e de fungos micelianos foram identificados em observações macroscópicas (aspectos das colônias), características micromorfológicas e bioquímicas. Entre as aves indicadas em compartimentos, Aspergillus niger (41,1%) e Candida kefyr (63,8%) foram os fungos mais isolada em Harpia harpyja e Ramphastos toco, respectivamente. Para as aves em quarentena, os seguintes percentuais foram observados em Eupsittula aurea (76,6%) C. krusei, (84,4%) C. kefyr e (15,2%) C. famata, enquanto em Amazona aestiva (76,2%) de C. krusei foi observada. Estes resultados indicam a presença de espécies potencialmente patogênicos nas excretas das aves avaliadas, constituem um risco a exposição para os criadores e pessoas que visitam o zoológico. Aves do Pantanal e do Cerrado de Mato Grosso (região Centro-Oeste do Brasil) poderia atuar na cadeia epidemiológica das zoonoses importantes.


Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Parrots/microbiology , Raptors/microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Yeasts/isolation & purification , Brazil , Risk Assessment , Rheiformes , Feces/microbiology , Animals, Zoo
13.
Int. j. morphol ; 37(2): 473-476, June 2019.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1002245

ABSTRACT

Within the framework of undergraduate and postgraduate medical education, cadavers have been used to teach anatomy by dissection or by using prosected specimens. To accomplish this, an appropriated preservation process must guarantee that the cadaver is kept safe for harm, destruction, and decomposition. Embalming fluid contains fixatives, disinfectants, surfactants, buffers, salt, and water, making the cadaver safe for teaching anatomy. However, it remains unclear if there is any risk of dissemination of microorganisms during anatomy teaching, research, and dissection procedures on fixed cadavers. The purpose of this study is to identify bacterial and fungal species in fixed cadaveric material used in anatomy teaching. Samples of cadavers and anatomical sections were cultured and biochemical tests and molecular identification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were performed to identify the microorganisms. The results indicate that fixed cadaveric material has viable bacteria on its surfaces and almost all these correspond to gram-negative bacilli of the Enterobacteriaceae family. In conclusion, fixed cadavers could be a reservoir of bacteria. This study underscores the importance of generating safe manipulation protocols to avoid eventual contamination and disease.


Dentro del curriculum de los programas de postgrado y pregrado de las carreras de la salud, los cadáveres han sido utilizados para la enseñanza de la anatomía mediante la disección o utilizando preparados anatómicos. Para poder llevar a cabo esto, el cadáver debe pasar por un adecuado proceso de preservación; en el que se utilizan fluidos que contienen fijadores, desinfectantes, surfactantes, buffers, sal y agua, los cuales lo protegen del deterioro y la descomposición. Las soluciones fijadoras y conservadoras contienen desinfectantes, surfactantes, fijadores, buffers, sal y agua, que hacen que el cadáver sea seguro para la enseñanza de la anatomía. Sin embargo, no está claro si existe algún riesgo de diseminación de microorganismos durante la enseñanza, investigación y/o disección en estos cadáveres. El propósito del estudio es identificar especies bacterianas y/o fúngicas en material cadavérico previamente fijado, usado en la enseñanza de la anatomía. Se realizaron cultivos y técnicas de identificación molecular mediante reacción en cadena de polimerasa de muestras tomadas desde material cadavérico para identificar los microorganismos encontrados. Los resultados indican que el material cadavérico previamente fijado posee bacterias en sus superficies, la mayoría corresponde a bacilos gram negativos de la familia de las Enterobacteriaceae. En conclusión, los cadáveres previamente fijados pueden ser reservorio de bacterias. Este estudio destaca la importancia de generar protocolos de manipulación con el fin de evitar una posible contaminación y enfermedad.


Subject(s)
Humans , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Cadaver , Fungi/isolation & purification , Anatomy/education , Bacteria/growth & development , Fungi/growth & development
14.
Hig. aliment ; 33(288/289): 2377-2379, abr.-maio 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1482223

ABSTRACT

O trabalho teve por objetivo verificar a qualidade microbiológica do Bacalhau Desfiado comercializado em Cuiabá/MT. Amostras do produto foram adquiridas em diferentes supermercados da cidade e imediatamente enviadas para análises laboratoriais. As análises foram realizadas na data de coleta, segundo as metodologias propostas pelo ‘International Commission on Microbiological Specification for Foods Method’ (1983) e Silva et al. (2010): quantificação de Coliformes a 45°C, determinação de Salmonella sp, quantificação de Estafilococus coagulase positiva e Quantificação de fungos filamentosos e leveduras. Os resultados indicam que alguns dos parâmetros microbiológicos avaliados não estão sendo atendidos, o que deve ser tomado como motivo de preocupação pelos estabelecimentos pesquisados.


Subject(s)
Fungi/isolation & purification , Gadus morhua/microbiology , Yeasts/isolation & purification , Food Microbiology , Fishes/microbiology , Salmonella/isolation & purification , Staphylococcus/isolation & purification , Bacteriological Techniques/analysis
15.
Hig. aliment ; 33(288/289): 2754-2758, abr.-maio 2019. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1482331

ABSTRACT

O consumo da tapioca, produto tradicional no norte e nordeste brasileiro, tem-se expandido amplamente no mercado, devido à demanda de alimentos sem glúten por parte da população. No processamento da goma de mandioca para tapioca não são aplicadas temperaturas elevadas para eliminação de microrganismos, podendo apresentar risco ao consumidor. Com o intuito de avaliar a contaminação microbiológica da goma de mandioca, realizou-se a análise de 20 amostras de goma de mandioca, obtidas em dois mercados de venda do produto artesanal e duas marcas industrializadas, sendo uma com conservantes e a outra sem, comercializadas no mercado de Feira de Santana e região. Com base na RDC 12/2001 da ANVISA (BRASIL, 2001), observou-se que amostras artesanais apresentaram contaminação por Bacillus cereus em níveis maiores que o estabelecido pela legislação. A amostra da indústria A não apresentou contaminação por bolores e leveduras por conter o conservante sorbato de potássio em sua composição. Verificou-se que 70% das amostras artesanais e 11% das amostras industrializadas apresentaram presença de Salmonella sp., indicando risco ao consumidor. As amostras de goma de mandioca industrializadas apresentaram valor de pH mais ácido que as artesanais (p<0,05), sendo que esses valores não enquadram-se dentro dos limites estabelecidos para o padrão de identidade e qualidade do produto. Foi observado um elevado teor de atividade de água em todas as amostras, não diferindo entre si (p<0,05). Portanto, verificou-se que as gomas artesanais A e B não atenderam os requisitos de padrão microbiológico e as amostras industrializadas A e B não apresentaram o padrão de identidade requerido para féculas de mandioca, estando todos os produtos em não conformidade com a legislação brasileira.


Subject(s)
Food Analysis , Bacillus cereus/isolation & purification , Bacterial Load , Fungi/isolation & purification , Manihot/microbiology , Food Handling , Food Microbiology , Salmonella/isolation & purification
16.
Hig. aliment ; 33(288/289): 2818-2822, abr.-maio 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1482344

ABSTRACT

Frutas são perecíveis e deterioram rapidamente, devido à sua variedade de nutrientes e a contaminação biológica. No entanto, quando se faz um processamento e congelamento de polpa de fruta há redução de perdas, traz praticidade, propicia a comercialização e conserva as características químicas e sensoriais da fruta in natura, como as polpas de açaí, que na maioria das vezes são comercializadas congeladas. Entretanto, à quebra da cadeia de frio durante a distribuição, compromete a qualidade da polpa de açaí, estando a contaminação desta polpa associada à baixa qualidade higiênico-sanitária durante a manipulação e o processamento da matéria-prima ou à uma contaminação dos equipamentos. Deste modo, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de açaí comercializado na cidade de Guanambi-BA. O açaí foi coletado de cinco estabelecimento do município, sendo as amostras coletadas com três repetições, uma a cada 7 dias. As polpas foram submetidas as análises microbiológicas de fungos filamentosos e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes. A legislação brasileira não apresenta um padrão para coliformes totais, mas estipula limite para coliformes termotolerantes e fungos filamentosos. De acordo com os resultados obtidos, o açaí de todos os pontos de coleta se apresentaram acima dos limites estabelecidos e, portanto, fora do padrão estipulado. Adoção e melhorias de medidas sanitárias, não só na comercialização do produto, mas desde a colheita dos frutos, são fundamentais para melhorias da condição microbiológica da comercialização das polpas de açaí.


Subject(s)
Coliforms/analysis , Euterpe/microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Food Hygiene , Yeasts/isolation & purification , Food Microbiology/methods
17.
Hig. aliment ; 33(288/289): 1751-1754, abr.-maio 2019. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1482397

ABSTRACT

Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar fungos filamentosos de queijos coloniais comercializados na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre/RS, assim como avaliar suas características físico-químicas. Para isso, foram adquiridos dez amostras de queijos coloniais, as quais foram porcionadas e encaminhadas para análise microbiológica e físico-quimica. Os resultados apontaram que o fungo filamentoso mais prevalente nos queijos coloniais avaliados foi o Aspergillus fumigatus presente em três das 10 amostras. Já os resultados médios para os teores de gordura e umidade foram respectivamente 27,0g/100g e 56,99%. O pH médio foi de 5,46. Os resultados das análises demostraram que há grande variabilidade entre os queijos avaliados, sendo necessárias mais pesquisas sobre o tema, a fim de permitir a definição de suas características e propor legislação específica.


Subject(s)
Chemical Phenomena , Fungi/isolation & purification , Food Microbiology , Cheese/analysis , Cheese/microbiology
18.
Braz. j. biol ; 79(2): 191-200, Apr.-June 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-989448

ABSTRACT

Abstract The hygienic and sanitary control in Food and Nutrition Units (FNU) is considered a standard procedure to produce adequate meals and reduce the risk of foodborne diseases and hospital infections. This study aimed to evaluate the isolation and identification of bacteria from equipment and food contact surfaces in a hospital FNU as well as to evaluate the sanitary condition. Likewise, it was analyzed the adhesion of the microorganisms on polyethylene cutting boards. The presence of aerobic mesophilic microorganisms, yeasts, molds, coagulase-positive staphylococci, coliform and fecal coliform, and Escherichia coli were analyzed on eating tables, countertop surfaces and cutting boards used for meat or vegetable handling, and equipment such as microwaves and refrigerators. The molecular identification it was done by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The adhesion of the microorganisms (biofilm formation) on meat and vegetable cutting boards was also evaluated by scanning electron microscopy. The results showed high numbers of all microorganisms, except for E. coli , which was not observed in the samples. The molecular analysis identified species of the Enterobacteriaceae family and species of the Pseudomonadaceae family. Scanning electron microscopy analyses revealed bacterial adhesion on the cutting board surfaces. The results obtained in this study indicated that the hygienic conditions of surfaces like plastic cutting boards and equipment in this hospital FNU were inadequate. The achievement and application of standard operating procedures could positively help in the standardization of sanitary control, reducing the microbial contamination and providing a safe food to hospitalized patients.


Resumo O controle higiênico e sanitário nas Unidades de Alimentação e Nutrição (UAN) é considerado um procedimento padrão para produzir refeições adequadas e reduzir o risco de doenças transmitidas pelos alimentos e infecções hospitalares. Este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar bactérias de equipamentos e superfícies de contato com alimentos em uma UAN hospitalar, bem como avaliar a condição sanitária. Do mesmo modo, analisou-se a adesão dos micro-organismos em tábuas de corte de polietileno. A presença de micro-organismos aeróbios mesófilos, leveduras, fungos, Sthapylococcus coagulase-positivos, coliformes, coliformes fecais e Escherichia coli foi analisadas na superfície de mesas do refeitório, superfícies de bancada e tábuas de corte usadas para manuseio de carne ou vegetais e, em equipamentos como micro-ondas e refrigeradores. A identificação molecular foi feita pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. A adesão dos micro-organismos (formação de biofilmes) em tábuas de corte de carne e de vegetais também foi avaliada por microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Os resultados mostraram elevada contagem para todos os micro-organismos analisados, exceto para E. coli, a qual não foi observada nas amostras. A análise molecular identificou espécies da família Enterobacteriaceae e Pseudomonadaceae. A análise de microscopia eletrônica de varredura revelaram adesão bacteriana nas superfícies das placsa de corte. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo indicaram que as condições higiênicas das superfícies e de equipamentos nesta UAN hospitalar estavam inadequadas. A aplicação de procedimentos operacionais padrão poderia auxiliar positivamente na padronização do controle higiênico-sanitário, reduzindo a contaminação microbiana e fornecendo um alimento seguro para pacientes hospitalizados.


Subject(s)
Humans , Environmental Microbiology , Molecular Typing , Food Microbiology , Food Service, Hospital/trends , Bacteria/isolation & purification , Bacteria/classification , Bacteria/genetics , Biofilms , Fungi/isolation & purification , Fungi/classification , Fungi/genetics
19.
Rev. Soc. Bras. Med. Trop ; 52: e20180152, 2019. tab, graf
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1041546

ABSTRACT

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Introducing new antibiotics to the clinic is critical. METHODS: We adapted a plate method described by Kawaguchi and coworkers in 20131 for detecting inhibitory airborne microorganisms. RESULTS: We obtained 51 microbial colonies antagonist to Chromobacterium violaceum, purified and retested them, and of these, 39 (76.5%) were confirmed. They comprised 24 bacteria, 13 fungi, and 2 yeasts. Among the fungi, eight (61.5%) produced active extracts. Among the bacterial, yeast, and fungal strains, 17 (44.7%) and 12 (31.6%) were active against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The proposed screening method is a rapid strategy for discovering potential antibiotic producers.


Subject(s)
Bacteria/isolation & purification , Candida/drug effects , Chromobacterium/drug effects , Air Microbiology , Quorum Sensing , Fungi/isolation & purification , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Bacteria/metabolism , Colony Count, Microbial , Fungi/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology
20.
Int. arch. otorhinolaryngol. (Impr.) ; 22(4): 400-403, Oct.-Dec. 2018. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-975604

ABSTRACT

Abstract Introduction Otomycosis is a common problem in otolaryngology practice. However, we usually encounter some difficulties in its treatment because many patients show resistance to antifungal agents, and present high recurrence rate. Objectives To determine the fungal pathogens that cause otomycosis as well as their susceptibility to the commonly used antifungal agents. Additionally, to discover the main reasons for antifungal resistance. Methods We conducted an experimental descriptive study on 122 patients clinically diagnosed with otomycosis from April 2016 to April 2017. Aural discharge specimens were collected for direct microscopic examination and fungal culture. In vitro antifungal susceptibility testing was performed against the commonly used antifungal drugs. We tested the isolated fungi for their enzymatic activity. Results Positive fungal infection was found in 102 samples. The most common fungal pathogens were Aspergillus and Candida species, with Aspergillus niger being the predominant isolate (51%). The antifungal susceptibility testing showed that mold isolates had the highest sensitivity to voriconazole (93.48%), while the highest resistance was to fluconazole (100%). For yeast, the highest sensitivity was to nystatin (88.24%), followed by amphotericin B (82.35%), and the highest resistance was to terbinafine (100%), followed by Itraconazole (94.12%). Filamentous fungi expressed a high enzymatic ability, making them more virulent. Conclusion The Aspergillus and Candida species are the most common fungal isolates in otomycosis. Voriconazole and Nystatin are the medications of choice for the treatment of otomycosis in our community. The high virulence of fungal pathogens is owed to their high enzymatic activity. Empirical use of antifungals should be discouraged.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Drug Resistance, Fungal , Otomycosis/microbiology , Fungi/isolation & purification , Antifungal Agents/pharmacology , Aspergillus/isolation & purification , Aspergillus niger/isolation & purification , Yeasts/isolation & purification , Candida/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Amphotericin B/pharmacology , Epidemiology, Descriptive , Clinical Trial , Itraconazole/pharmacology , Voriconazole/pharmacology , /pharmacology
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